Impacto de la edad, las comorbilidades y las complicaciones en pacientes con COVID-19 con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda en la ventilación mecánica invasiva. Estudio multicéntrico observacional / Impact of Age, Comorbidities and Complications in COVID-19 Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. An Observational Multicenter Study

Objetivos: Millones de pacientes con COVID-19 fueron internados en terapia intensiva en el mundo, la mitad desarrollaron síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) y recibieron ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI), con una mortalidad del 50%. Analiza-mos cómo edad, comorbilidades y complicaciones, en pacientes con COVID-19 y SDRA que recibieron VMI, se asociaron con el riesgo de morir durante su hospitalización.Métodos: Estudio de cohorte observacional, retrospectivo y multicéntrico realizado en 5 hospitales (tres privados y dos públicos universitarios) de Argentina y Chile, durante el segundo semestre de 2020.Se incluyeron pacientes >18 años con infección por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada RT-PCR, que desarrollaron SDRA y fueron asistidos con VMI durante >48 horas, durante el se-gundo semestre de 2020. Se analizaron los antecedentes, las comorbilidades más fre-cuentes (obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión), y las complicaciones shock, insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) y neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAV), por un lado, y las alteraciones de parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio registrados.Resultados: El 69% era varón. La incidencia de comorbilidades difirió para los diferentes grupos de edad. La mortalidad aumentó significativamente con la edad (p<0,00001). Las comorbilidades, hipertensión y diabetes, y las complicaciones de IRA y shock se asociaron significativamente con la mortalidad. En el análisis multivariado, sólo la edad mayor de 60 años, la IRA y el shock permanecieron asociados con la mortalidad. Conclusiones: El SDRA en COVID-19 es más común entre los mayores. Solo la edad >60 años, el shock y la IRA se asociaron a la mortalidad en el análisis multivariado.

Objectives: Millions of patients with COVID-19 were admitted to intensive care world-wide, half developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), with a mortality of 50%. We analyzed how age, comor-bidities and complications in patients with COVID-19 and ARDS who received IMV were associated with the risk of dying during their hospitalization.Methods: Observational, retrospective and multicenter cohort study carried out in 5 hospitals (three private and two public university hospitals) in Argentina and Chile, during the second half of 2020.Patients >18 years of age with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR, who devel-oped ARDS and were assisted with IMV for >48 hours, during the second half of 2020, were included. History, the most frequent comorbidities (obesity, diabetes and hyper-tension) and the complications of shock, acute renal failure (AKI) and pneumonia as-sociated with mechanical ventilation (VAP), on the one hand, and the alterations of re-corded clinical and laboratory parameters, were analyzed.Results: 69% were men. The incidence of comorbidities differed for different age groups. Mortality increased significantly with age (p<0.00001). Comorbidities, hyper-tension and diabetes, and complications of ARF and shock were significantly associat-ed with mortality. In the multivariate analysis, only age over 60 years, ARF and shock remained associated with mortality.Conclusions: ARDS in COVID-19 is more common among the elderly. Only age >60 years, shock and ARF were associated with mortality in the multivariate analysis

Actitudes hacia el aborto deseado en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud chilenos / Attitudes towards wanted abortion among Chilean health sciences students

Introducción: La interrupción del embarazo mediando principalmente la voluntad de la mujer, es decir, cuando una mujer desea abortar para terminar su embarazo por cualquier razón, es un procedimiento controversial. Las actitudes individuales de los profesionales de la salud hacia este procedimiento influirían sobre la aceptación o el rechazo de realizarlo y, por ende, afectarían su acceso en el sistema de salud. Objetivo: Relacionar actitudes hacia la interrupción del embarazo con características sociodemográficas y académicas de estudiantes chilenos de enfermería, medicina y obstetricia y puericultura. Método: Estudio cuantitativo con diseño observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Reclutamos estudiantes universitarios con un muestreo no probabilístico. Recolectamos datos mediante cuestionarios virtuales autoadministrados. Preguntamos por la intención de realizar o asistir un aborto médico o quirúrgico frente a 15 escenarios distintos y creamos un índice con estas respuestas. Calculamos estadísticas descriptivas básicas y creamos modelos de regresión lineal. Consideramos significancia estadística si p < 0,05. Resultados: Participaron 229, 306 y 233 estudiantes de enfermería, medicina y obstetricia y puericultura, respectivamente (en total, 768). En el modelo de regresión lineal múltiple, declararse cristiano (β = −0,248) y afirmar que la religión es muy o totalmente importante en la vida (β = −0,269) se asociaron más fuertemente y de manera inversa y significativa con el índice de intención de realizar o asistir un aborto médico o quirúrgico. Conclusiones: La religión es un factor que influiría decisivamente sobre las actitudes hacia la interrupción del embarazo. Los escenarios más positivamente valorados podrían explicarse considerando que las leyes reflejarían los valores predominantes de una sociedad.

Introduction: Termination of pregnancy mediated primarily by the womans will, i.e., when a woman wishes to have an abortion to terminate her pregnancy for any reason, is a controversial procedure. The individual attitudes of health professionals towards this procedure would affect the degree of acceptance or rejection of performing this procedure and, therefore, would affect its accessibility in the health system. Objective: To relate attitudes towards abortion with sociodemographic and academic characteristics of Chilean nursing, medicine and midwifery students. Method: Quantitative study with observational, cross-sectional and descriptive design. We recruited university students with non-probabilistic sampling. We collected data through self-administered virtual questionnaires. We asked about the intention to perform an abortion in 15 different scenarios and created an index with these responses. We calculated basic descriptive statistics and created linear regression models. We considered statistical significance if p < 0.05. Results: 229, 306 and 233 students from nursing, medicine and midwifery participated, respectively (total: 768). In the multiple linear regression model, declaring oneself a Christian (β = −0.248) and stating that religion is very or totally important in life (β = −0.269) were inversely and significantly associated with the index of intention to perform an abortion. Conclusions: Religion is a factor that would decisively influence attitudes toward termination of pregnancy. The more positively valued scenarios could be explained by considering that laws would reflect the predominant values of a society.

LA SINDEMIA ASOCIADA A COVID-19 Y LOS DERECHOS DE NIÑAS, NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES EN LATINOAMÉRICA: ANÁLISIS A PARTIR DE SEIS PAÍSES DE LA REGIÓN, 2023 / The syndemic associated with Covid-19 and the rights of children and adolescents in Latin America: Analysis from six countries in the region, 2023

El presente trabajo constituye un puntal de evidencia científica que queda disponible a los tomadores de decisiones en políticas nacionales y regionales relativas a la población de niñas, niños y adolescentes, y eso por sí solo es una muy buena contribución a la relevancia que debe tener esta población. Este estudio reconoce que vivimos un momento histórico, una ventana de oportunidad para tomar las decisiones adecuadas. Es prioridad contribuir para lograr que las políticas públicas sean eficaces en la garantía de los derechos humanos, esto requiere avanzar en consolidar Estados Sociales de Derecho y Bienestar con sistemas de salud y protección social universales. Asimismo, es fundamental fortalecer las capacidades de trabajo intersectorial y transdisciplinar, la integración regional y la cooperación internacional para hacer realidad la justicia social y ambiental, así como entender que las niñas, niños y adolescentes no son el futuro, son el presente. De lo que hagamos ahora depende el desarrollo y bienestar de nuestros pueblos. En este sentido el análisis se realiza a partir de un marco conceptual que abarca los siguientes aspectos:: Más allá de la pandemia, una sindemia; desigualdades múltiples: una manera de trascender a las desigualdades de ingreso; Derechos Humanos y su operacionalización en el contexto sindémico; Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño; sindemia COVID-19 y los derechos de niñas, niños y adolescentes; sindemia y políticas públicas, sindemia por COVID-19 y un llamado a la acción.

Programa de salud cardiovascular: atenciones en Santiago de Chile en contexto de pandemia / Cardiovascular health program: service in Santiago de Chile during the pandemic

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en las Américas y en Chile. La pandemia por COVID-19 ha impactado la oferta de servicios de salud en la atención primaria, afectando el cuidado de las comunidades con alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas. En Chile, el Programa de Salud Cardiovascular brinda atención multiprofesional a personas con estas enfermedades en la atención primaria. Objetivo: Describir la variación de las prestaciones de servicios del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular en las comunas de la provincia de Santiago de Chile, durante el periodo 2014-2020 y su relación con la pobreza multidimensional en el periodo de pandemia. Método: Estudio descriptivo y ecológico. Se analizó la variación porcentual de las atenciones de enfermería, medicina y nutrición para cada comuna de la provincia de Santiago durante 2014-2020, utilizando registros del Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Se indagó en la variación 2019-2020 como descripción de la provisión de servicios del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular durante el primer año de pandemia y se analizó su asociación con la pobreza multidimensional. Resultados: La pandemia por COVID-19 impactó fuertemente en las atenciones del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular en la provincia de Santiago. Los controles disminuyeron en promedio un 60.43 %. Los controles de nutrición fueron los más afectados y los menos afectados los controles por medicina. Este impacto no se asoció con el nivel de pobreza multidimensional de cada comuna. Conclusiones: La magnitud en la disminución de atenciones revela la importancia de realizar vigilancia a la oferta de atenciones y ofrece una oportunidad para adelantarse a las consecuencias que esto implica.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the Americas and in Chile. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the supply of health services in primary care, affecting the attention of communities with a high prevalence of chronic diseases. In Chile, the Cardiovascular Health Program provides multi-professional primary care to people with these diseases. Aim: To describe the variation in the care assistance of the Cardiovascular Health Program to the communities of the province of Santiago de Chile, along the period of 2014 to 2020 and its relation to the multidimensional poverty during the pandemic. Method: This is a descriptive and ecological study. The percentage of variation in nursing, medicine, and nutrition care was analyzed for each community, using the records of the Ministry of Health of Chile. The variation from 2019 to 2020 was investigated as a description of the assistance of the Cardiovascular Health Program provided during the first year of the pandemic and its association with multidimensional poverty. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic strongly impacted the quality of assistance of the Cardiovascular Health Program control services in the province of Santiago. The controls decreased by an average of 60.43 %. The nutrition services were the most affected and the least affected were the physician services. This impact was not associated with the multidimensional poverty level in each community. Conclusions: It is important to monitor the impact of the pandemic on the assistance of the most prevailing chronic diseases in the population and to anticipate the consequences that this implies.

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade nas Américas e no Chile. A pandemia da COVID-19 impactou a oferta dos serviços de saúde na atenção primária, afetando o atendimento de comunidades com alta prevalência de doenças crónicas. No Chile, o Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular oferece atendimento multiprofissional às pessoas com essas doenças na atenção primária. Objetivo: Descrever a variação na prestação de serviços do Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular nos municípios da província de Santiago do Chile, durante o período 2014-2020 e sua relação com a pobreza multidimensional no período pandêmico. Método: Estudo descritivo e ecológico. A variação percentual das atenções de enfermagem, medicina e nutrição para cada comuna da província de Santiago durante 2014-2020, usando os registos do Ministério da Saúde do Chile. A variação 2019-2020 foi investigada como descrição da prestação de serviços do Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular durante o primeiro ano da pandemia e analisou-se a sua associação com a pobreza multidimensional. Resultados: A pandemia da COVID-19 teve forte impacto no atendimento do Programa de Saúde Cardiovascular na província de Santiago. Os controles diminuíram em média 60,43%. Os controles por nutricionista foram os mais afetados e os menos foram os controles pelo médico. Este impacto não foi associado ao nível de pobreza multidimensional de cada comunidade. Conclusões: A magnitude da diminuição do atendimento revela a importância do monitoramento da oferta de atenção e oferece uma oportunidade de antecipar as consequências que isso implica.

Abordaje endoscópico extendido del seno frontal: Experiencia en Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Extended endoscopic approach of the frontal sinus: Experience at Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile

Introducción: El seno frontal es una estructura compleja y desafiante en términos quirúrgicos, siendo descritas numerosas técnicas para su abordaje. Dentro de ellas se destaca el abordaje endoscópico extendido de seno frontal: Draf IIB y Draf III, como una importante alternativa para resolución de patología refractaria de seno frontal. Objetivo: Describir las características de pacientes sometidos a abordaje endoscópico extendido de seno frontal en Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile (HCUCH). Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Se incluyeron a pacientes sometidos a abordaje endoscópico extendido de seno frontal entre los años 2013 y 2021. Se analizaron variables clínicas, intraoperatorias y de seguimiento. Resultados: Se registraron 118 pacientes, de los cuales 64 cumplieron criterios de inclusión al estudio, con una edad promedio de 48 años. La patología más frecuente fue la rinosinusitis crónica poliposa (42%) seguido del mucocele (20%). Del total de pacientes, el 68% fue sometido a cirugía Draf IIB y el resto a Draf III. Todos los pacientes fueron estudiados con endoscopía e imágenes, y seguidos con parámetros clínicos y endoscópicos. El porcentaje de estenosis postoperatoria se estimó en 10%. Conclusión: El abordaje endoscópico nasal extendido figura como una alternativa útil para manejo de patología de seno frontal refractario a tratamiento. En nuestra experiencia las indicaciones, tipos de cirugía y tasa de complicaciones son concordantes con la literatura internacional.

Introduction: The frontal sinus is a complex and challenging structure in surgical terms, numerous techniques have been described for its approach, among them the extended endoscopic approach: Draf IIB and Draf III, figures as an important alternative for the resolution of refractory pathology of frontal sinus. Aim: To describe the characteristics of patients who underwent an extended endoscopic approach to the frontal sinus at the Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile (HCUCH). Material and Method: A retrospective, descriptive study included patients who underwent an extended endoscopic approach to the frontal sinus between 2013 and 2021. Clinical, intraoperative, and follow-up variables were analyzed. Results: 118 patients were registered, of which 64 met the inclusion criteria for the study, with an average age of 48 years. The most frequent pathology was chronic polypous rhinosinusitis (42%), followed by mucocele (20%). Of the patients, 68% underwent Draf IIB surgery, while the rest received a Draf III type procedure. All patients were studied with endoscopy and images and followed up with clinical and endoscopic parameters. The percentage of post operatory stenosis was 10%. Conclusion: The extended nasal endoscopic approach appears as a valuable alternative for managing frontal sinus pathology refractory to treatment. In our experience, the indications, types of surgery, and rate of complications are consistent with the international literature.

Estudio de prevalencia de retinopatía diabética en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 de la comuna de Puerto Montt y sus factores asociados / Frequency of diabetic retinopathy and associated factors in Puerto Montt, Chile

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important cause of decreased visual acuity, whose prevalence has increased between 1990 and 2020. In Chile the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was estimated at 24.8%. AIM: To assess the prevalence of DR in a southern Chilean city. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From a database of diabetic patients attending primary health care centers at Puerto Montt, Chile, 196 patients with DR and 392 patients without DR, matched by age and presence of chronic complications, were chosen for this case-control study. RESULTS: The prevalence of DR in the database of diabetic patients was 33.3%. glycated hemoglobin, the frequency insulin use, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, microalbuminuria, and proteinuria were significantly worse in cases. A multivariate analysis showed that retinopathy is much more likely to occur when the variables insulin use, neuropathy, and microalbuminuria concur. CONCLUSIONS: DR was associated with worse metabolic parameters and the presence of neuropathy in this case control study.

Cirugía de revascularización miocárdica: comparación de supervivencia a 10 años de la cirugía coronaria con y sin circulación extracorpórea mediante Propensity Score Matching / Ten-year survival after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting compared with traditional bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: Long-term outcomes of Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (OPCAB) as an alternative to the traditional Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) technique with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are not well defined. AIM: To compare 10-year survival of isolated OPCAB versus CABG with CPB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of information obtained from databases, clinical records and surgical protocols of patients treated with isolated CABG between January 2006 and November 2008 at a Regional Hospital. Of 658 isolated CABG, 192 (29.2%) were OPCAB and 466 (79.9%) CPB. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was performed to compare both groups. After PSM, two groups of 192 cases were obtained. Mortality data was obtained from the Chilean public identification service. Ten-year survival was calculated and compared with Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. RESULTS: Follow-up data was obtained in all cases. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing 10-year survival between OPCAB versus CPB (78.6% and 80.2% respectively, p 0.720). There was also no statistical difference in cardiovascular death free survival (90.1% with CPB versus 89.1% OPCAB, p 0.737). Survival was comparable when analyzing subgroups with diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction or chronic kidney disease, among others. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, OPBAB has a comparable 10-year survival with CABG with CPB.

Analysis of the Chilean health promotion policy "Choose a Healthy Lifestyle" / Análisis de la política de promoción de salud chilena "Elige Vivir Sano"

BACKGROUND: Intersectoral health promotion initiatives in Chile to address obesity and non- communicable diseases have had a long history in Chile, but also a high degree of changes in their design, implementation, and financing. AIM: To analyze the "Choose a Healthy Lifestyle" enacted by Law 20,670 under Sabatier's "Advocacy Coalition Framework" (ACF), addressing the political discussion and its execution in the subsequent governing coalitions (2011-2022). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ACF components are the following: external events, coalitions, policy subsystem (health promotion), and policy brokers. Policy change and learning occurs when a certain level of conflict exists between coalitions. We carried out a bibliographic and literature review, including history of the Law and notes in the media. RESULTS: We identified two coalitions. The first is pro-individual freedom and aims to solve the problem with education and health promotion. The second one defines the problem as structural and related to social determinants and health inequity. The first coalition launched the "Choose Healthy Liferstyle" program in 2011 when they were in executive power. After criticism from the opposition and the participation of policy brokers, the Program was institutionalized with an intersectoral vision. The lack of permanent financing affected the continuity of the policy, especially after a change in the governing coalition. CONCLUSIONS: Law 20,670 falls within the ACF. However, policy learning slowed down because the problem involved social aspects, conflict between deep beliefs of both coalitions, and lack of permanent funding, thus affecting the continuity of the policy.

ANECEDENTES: Las iniciativas intersectoriales de promoción de salud en Chile han tenido una larga historia en el país, pero también un alto grado de cambios en su diseño, implementación y financiamiento. OBJETIVOS: Analizar el "Sistema Elige Vivir Sano" (Ley 20.670) bajo el marco de "Coaliciones de Causa" (ACF), abordando la discusión política y su ejecución durante cambios de coaliciones gobernantes (2011-2022). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Los componentes de ACF incluyen eventos externos, coaliciones, subsistema de políticas (promoción de salud) e intermediarios de políticas. El cambio y aprendizaje de políticas ocurre cuando existe cierto nivel de conflicto entre coaliciones. Realizamos una revisión de literatura, incluyendo historia de la Ley y notas en los medios de comunicación. RESULTADOS: Identificamos dos coaliciones. La primera es pro-libertad individual y pretende resolver el problema con educación y promoción de la salud. La segunda es pro-determinantes sociales y define el problema como estructural. La primera coalición lanzó el programa "Elige Vivir Sano" en 2011 cuando estaban en el poder ejecutivo. Luego de las críticas de la oposición y la participación de intermediarios de políticas, el Programa se institucionalizó con una visión intersectorial. La falta de financiamiento permanente afecta la continuidad de la política, especialmente luego de un cambio en la coalición gobernante. CONCLUSIONES: La Ley 20.670 se enmarca dentro de la ACF. Sin embargo, el aprendizaje de políticas se ralentizó porque el problema involucra aspectos sociales, conflicto entre creencias profundas de ambas coaliciones y falta de financiamiento permanente, afectando la continuidad de la política.

Implementación de una jornada virtual de telesalud y capacitación masiva para personas mayores chilenas y estudiantes de la salud. Impacto en la cobertura / Implementation of a virtual telehealth course for Chilean older adults and health students

Background: Aging increases the vulnerability to diseases and environmental changes such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Telehealth and tele-education are vital to prevent the deleterious effects of prolonged confinement, and to train the community, and constantly rotating medical students and health professionals. Aim: To assess the perception and impact of an online course about healthy aging aimed at the community and health care professionals. Material and Methods: An open online one-day course to promote healthy aging was carried out. A cross-sectional online survey about the course was answered by 386 attendants and a knowledge test was applied to 114 people. Results: Seventy-five percent of respondents attended the course synchronously. Of these, 79% were women, 20% were older people and 53% were caregivers of an older person. All respondents acquired new knowledge and were willing to participate again. The frequency of interest about self-care is three times greater than about caring for another person, In an older person, the interest is 101 more times about self-care than caring for another person. Ninety five percent of respondents felt more active and 84% felt more accompanied. Conclusions: The course facilitated access to information on the promotion of active and healthy aging in the community with a favorable perception and a positive impact. The coverage for older people with a digital gap should be improved.

Valores de referencia y factores de riesgo de la condición física en personas mayores chilenas físicamente activas / Reference values and risk factors in the deterioration of the physical fitness of physically active older chilean adults

BACKGROUND: Physical fitness assessment of older adults is essential because it is a key component of functional independence and healthy aging. AIM: To establish physical fitness reference values for physically active older Chilean adults of both sexes and identify the variables associated with the deterioration of their physical condition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 342 older adults aged 60 and over. Their physical fitness was assessed with the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). The timed up and go (TUG), chair stand (CS), arm curl (AC), and aerobic resistance (2 min) tests were evaluated. RESULTS: Performance in the physical fitness tests by age group decreased in all tests as older adults advanced in age. Scores for men were more evenly distributed across the different age groups. The main risk factors for the deterioration of physical fitness were age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) (p-value < 0.05). The primary risk factor for men was age and for women age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Performance of both men and women in the different SFT tests decreased as older adults aged. Age, sex, and BMI were the main risk factors for the deterioration of the physical fitness of physically active older adults.

Oral disorders among older Chileans: prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability / Prevalência, incidência e anos vividos com incapacidade por doenças bucais no Chile

OBJECTIVE: Prior epidemiological surveys revealed that Chile experiences a high burden of oral diseases. However, no prior study has reported estimates of untreated dental caries, periodontitis, and edentulism over a three-decade period for the country. Using estimates of the Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019, the objective of this study is to report the trends of prevalence, incidence, and years-lived with disability (YLDs) due to untreated dental caries, periodontitis, and edentulism in Chilean older adults between 1990 and 2019. METHODS: Estimates of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs due to dental caries, periodontitis, and edentulism were produced for Chile, by age and sex, between 1990 and 2019, using Dismod-MR 2.1. Trends of oral disorders were analyzed using generalized linear regression models applying the Prais-Winsten method. RESULTS: Untreated dental caries and periodontal disease showed an increase in prevalence and YLDs, whereas edentulism prevalence, incidence, and YLDs decreased in all older adults age groups. The incidence of dental caries decreased in the younger groups and increased in the older age groups; while the incidence of periodontal disease increased in the younger and decreased in the older age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the burden of oral diseases in older Chileans increased between 1990 and 2019. This was particularly relevant for untreated caries and periodontal disease. Future estimates of oral diseases burden in Chile require concerted efforts to produce national health surveys that incorporate oral diseases metrics. These estimates are essential to inform policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. (AU)

OBJETIVO: Pesquisas epidemiológicas anteriores revelaram que o Chile apresenta uma elevada carga de doenças bucais. No entanto, nenhum estudo anterior relatou estimativas de cárie dentária não tratada, periodontite e edentulismo ao longo de um período de três décadas para o país. Usando estimativas do Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019, o objetivo deste estudo é relatar as tendências de prevalência, incidência e anos vividos com incapacidade (YLDs) devido a cárie dentária não tratada, periodontite e edentulismo em idosos chilenos entre 1990 e 2019. METODOLOGIA: Estimativas de prevalência, incidência e YLDs devido à cárie dentária, periodontite e edentulismo foram produzidas para o Chile, por idade e sexo, entre 1990 e 2019, usando o Dismod-MR 2.1. Tendências de distúrbios bucais foram analisadas usando modelos de regressão linear generalizada aplicando o método Prais-Winsten. RESULTADOS: A cárie dentária não tratada e a doença periodontal mostraram um aumento na prevalência e nos YLDs, enquanto a prevalência, incidência e YLDs do edentulismo diminuíram em todas as faixas etárias de idosos. A incidência de cárie dentária diminuiu nos grupos mais jovens e aumentou nos grupos etários mais velhos; enquanto a incidência de periodontite aumentou nos grupos mais jovens e diminuiu nos grupos etários mais velhos. CONCLUSÕES: No geral, a carga de doenças bucais em idosos chilenos aumentou entre 1990 e 2019. Isso foi particularmente relevante para cárie não tratada e periodontite. As estimativas futuras da carga de doenças bucais no Chile exigem esforços concentrados para produzir pesquisas nacionais de saúde que incorporem métricas de doenças bucais. Essas estimativas são essenciais para informar a formulação, implementação e avaliação de políticas. (AU)

Activismo político de enfermeras pertenecientes a gremios en chile: un estudio de teoría fundamentada en datos / Ativismo político de enfermeiras chilenas sindicalizadas: um estudo de teoria fundamentada em dados / Political activism of union chilean nurses: a grounded theory study

Resumen Objetivo Explicar el activismo político de las profesionales enfermeras afiliadas a organizaciones gremiales de Enfermería en Chile, a través de una Teoría Fundamentada (TF) en datos. Método Se aborda desde el paradigma interpretativo, metodología cualitativa, y con diseño de TF de Strauss y Corbin. La muestra corresponde a 14 enfermeras que participan activamente en organizaciones gremiales. Realizando entrevistas en profundidad, con varias rondas de análisis de datos e interpretación para refinamiento conceptual, siguiendo la trayectoria de TF: fase abierta, axial y selectiva. Resultados Se obtienen 4 codigos, con 16 subcodigos, los cuales se expresan en la fase selectiva, a través del código central activismo político, que mantiene como condición causal, interviniente y contextual a la despolitización profesional, que desarrolla como consecuencia al desinterés político, así mismo surge la defensa profesional que agrupa las estrategias realizadas o identificadas para mantener el activismo profesional. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica La teoría destaca el activismo político como código central, y devela débiles estrategias colectivas para promover la participación política profesional. Esto abre interesantes líneas de investigación, y desafíos para la docencia y el trabajo comunitario de las enfermeras.

Resumo Objetivo Explicar o ativismo político de profissionais enfermeiros afiliados a organizações sindicais de enfermagem no Chile, por meio de uma teoria baseada (TF) em dados. Método É abordado a partir do paradigma interpretativo, da metodologia qualitativa, e com um desenho sistemático da TF de Strauss e Corbin. A amostra corresponde a 14 enfermeiros que participam ativamente de organizações sindicais. Realização de entrevistas em profundidade, com diversas rodadas de análise e interpretação dos dados para refinamento conceitual, seguindo a trajetória do TF: fase aberta, axial e seletiva. Resultados Obtêm-se 4 códigos, com 16 subcódigos, que se expressam na fase seletiva, através do código central do ativismo político, que mantém a despolitização profissional como condição causal, interveniente e contextual, que se desenvolve como consequência do desinteresse político, bem como Surge a defesa profissional que agrupa as estratégias realizadas ou identificadas para manter o ativismo profissional. Conclusões e implicações para a prática A teoria destaca o ativismo político como o código central e revela estratégias coletivas fracas para promover a participação política profissional. Isso abre interessantes linhas de pesquisa e desafios para o ensino e o trabalho comunitário do enfermeiro.

Abstract Objective To explain the political activism of professional nurses affiliated with Nursing union organizations in Chile, through a theory based on data. Method It is approached from the interpretive paradigm, qualitative methodology, and with a systematic Grounded Theory design of Strauss and Corbin. The sample corresponds to 14 nurses who actively participate in union organizations. Conducting in-depth interviews, with several rounds of data analysis and interpretation for conceptual refinement, following the TF trajectory: open, axial and selective phase. Results Four codes are obtained, with 16 subcodes, which are expressed in the selective phase, through the political activism central code, which maintains professional depoliticization as a causal, intervening and contextual condition, which develops as a consequence of political disinterest, as well as the professional defense that groups the strategies carried out or identified to maintain professional activism arises. Conclusions and implications for practice The theory highlights political activism as the central code, and reveals weak collective strategies to promote professional political participation. This opens up interesting lines of research, and challenges for the teaching and community work of nurses.

Distribución demográfica de especialistas en endocrinología y diabetes, Chile 2022 / Demographic distribution of specialists in endocrinology and diabetes in Chile, 2022

En abril de 2021 el ministerio de salud de Chile da a conocer un estudio que explicita un importante déficit de médicos con especialidades derivadas de la Medicina Interna. En endocrinólogos de adultos se estima un déficit de 14 profesionales en el sistema público de Salud al año 2024, así como un endocrinólogo infantil y 10 diabetólogos; y una lista de espera estimada en 23.000 consultas de la especialidad para 2020. OBJETIVOS: cuantificar el número de especialistas en endocrinología de adultos, infantil y diabetología de nuestro país, y su distribución en nuestro territorio. MÉTODOS: Se realiza la búsqueda de todos los médicos registrados bajo la especialidad endocrinología y diabetología en la Superintendencia de Salud, su distribución por regiones del país, en relación del número de habitantes regional y nacional. RESULTADOS: Existen 340 especialistas en endocrinología y 188 diabetólogos a nivel nacional; 1.93 y 1.33 por cada 100.000 habitantes, respectivamente. El 75% de ellos se registra en las regiones Metropolitana, Valparaíso y Bio Bío. En 5 regiones del país se registra un profesional para toda la región; en una región no se registran profesionales de endocrinología ni diabetología. CONCLUSIONES: Este trabajo da cuenta de una desigual distribución regional de especialistas en endocrinología y diabetes en Chile. Se deben plantear estrategias de corto y mediano plazo para incentivar a especialistas que migren hacia regiones de alta necesidad.

In April 2021, the Ministry of Health of Chile unveiled a report showing a significant deficit of medical doctors with specialties derived from Internal Medicine. In adult endocrinologists, a deficit of 14 professionals in the public health system is estimated as of 2024, as well as one pediatric endocrinologist and 10 diabetologists; and a waiting list estimated of 23,000 consultations for the specialty by 2020. OBJECTIVES: to quantify the number of specialists in adult and pediatric endocrinology and diabetology, and their geographic distribution. METHODS: A search for all physicians registered under the endocrinology and diabetology specialties was carried out in the Superintendence of Health website; their geographic distribution according to regional and national inhabitants was studied. RESULTS: There are 340 endocrinology and 188 diabetes' specialists at the national level, 1.93 and 1.33 per 100.000 inhabitants, respectively. A 75% of them are registered in the Metropolitan, Valparaíso and Bio Bío areas. In five regions, just one professional is registered; there are no endocrinology or diabetology professionals registered in one region. CONCLUSIONS: our work accounts for an unequal regional distribution of specialists in endocrinology and diabetes in Chile. Short- and medium-term strategies should be proposed to encourage specialists to migrate to regions of high demand.

Estudio preliminar para la validación de la versión chilena del Vocal Tract Discomfort-VTD en población docente / Validation of the chilean version of the Vocal Tract Discomfort-VTD on teachers: a preliminary study

Debido a la carga vocal a la que están expuestos los profesionales de la voz, como los profesores, son frecuentes los trastornos de voz y mal uso vocal en este grupo, lo que hace necesario poder contar con instrumentos de pesquisa rápidos y sencillos para un diagnóstico precoz de sintomatología vocal. El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una adaptación y validación preliminar de la pauta "Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale (VTD)" al idioma español chileno en profesores. Se comenzó con la traducción al español del instrumento original por parte de dos expertos nativos y luego la retro-traducción por dos expertos en idioma inglés para determinar concordancias y discrepancias. Luego se continuó con la validación de apariencia y contenido realizada por valoración de grupo de expertos compuesto por dos metodólogos y cinco fonoaudiólogos con experiencia en el área vocal. La validez de criterio se obtuvo mediante la correlación entre la escala en estudio y el Voice Handicap Index en su versión validada al español como prueba gold-standard, para lo cual se aplicó en una muestra de 31 docentes. La validación de la escala VTD es fiable y deja a disposición de los fonoaudiólogos una herramienta sencilla y comprensible para el entendimiento del impacto generado en personas con disfonía, particularmente, en profesionales de la voz como los profesores.

Due to the vocal load to which voice professionals such as teachers are exposed, voice disorders and vocal misuse are frequently found in this group. This makes it necessary to have quick and simple assessment instruments that allow early detection of vocal symptoms. The objective of this study was to adapt the "Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale (VTD)" to Chilean Spanish and carry out a preliminary validation of this protocol on teachers. First, the original instrument was translated toSpanish by two native speakers, and then back-translated by two English experts, in order to determine the presence of agreements and discrepancies. Subsequently, a group of experts made up of two methodologists and five speech therapists with experience in the voice field performed an appearance and content validation. Criterion validity was obtained through the correlation between the Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale and the Spanish-validated version of the Voice Handicap Index as a gold-standard test, for which the first was appliedto a sample of 31 teachers. The validation of the VTD scale is reliable and provides speech therapists with a simple and understandable tool that allows them to comprehend the impact of dysphonia on people, particularly on voice professionals such as teachers.

Demandas de cuidado en niños(as) y adolescentes con necesidades especiales (NANEAS) de baja complejidad: perspectiva de madres o cuidadoras y enfermeras(os) / Demands for care in children and adolescents with special needs (NANEAS) of low complexity: perspective of mothers or caregivers and nurses

INTRODUCCIÓN: La atención de salud de los NANEAS de baja complejidad, es realizada en los niveles secundario y terciario y las familias no concurren a la atención primaria (AP), a pesar que esta cuenta con el Modelo de Salud Familiar, instancia que promueve el enfoque integral biopsicosocial para el seguimiento de los NANEAS. El proyecto se apoya en la filosofía del cuidado de Martinsen, (ética del cuidar) y la perspectiva ecológica de Bronfenbrenner. OBJETIVO: develar las demandas de cuidado en NANEAS de baja complejidad, en el nivel primario de atención, de una ciudad del sur de Chile. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio fenomenológico bajo referencial de Schütz en 6 cuidadoras principales de NANEAS y 9 enfermeros(as). Cumplió criterios bioéticos de Ezequiel Emanuel. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Se describen categorías: a) Desigualdad en las políticas de cuidados: déficit en inclusión (control de salud), y en capacitación de enfermeras (os); b) Invisibilidad de NANEAS en APS: desconocimiento de magnitud e inexistencia de vínculo con las familias c) Cuidado integral: apoyo psicosocial y económico, beneficios (licencia parental para asistencia). CONCLUSIÓN: El cuidado en NANEAS de baja complejidad en APS es difícil, complejo, e insuficiente. La protección social con enfoque de derechos es una dimensión a desarrollar, expresando el derecho a la calidad de la atención, con la instauración de estándares en salud primaria con accesibilidad, adaptabilidad, aceptabilidad y adecuación mediante la instauración de corresponsabilidades y participación.

INTRODUCTION: The health care of low-complexity NANEAS is carried out at the secondary and tertiary levels of health care. Families do not participate in their primary health care (PHC), despite its association with the Family Health Model, which promotes a comprehensive biopsychosocial approach for the follow-up of NANEAS. GOAL: The project is based on Martinsen's philosophy of care (ethics of care) and the ecological perspective of Bronfenbrenner. OBJECTIVE:To reveal the demands for care in low-complexity NANEAS, at the primary care level, in a city in southern Chile. METHODOLOGY: Schütz referential phenomenological study in 6 main caregivers of NANEAS and 9 nurses. The study met the bioethical criteria of Ezequiel Emanuel. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Categories are described: a) Inequality in care policies: deficit in inclusion (health control), and in training for nurses; b) Invisibility of NANEAS in PHC: ignorance of magnitude and non-existence of therapeutic links with families c) Comprehensive care: psychosocial and economic support, benefits (parental leave for care). CONCLUSION: PHC in low-complexity NANEAS is difficult, complex, and insufficient. Social protection with a rights-based approach should be further developed, expressing the right to quality care and the establishment of primary health standards ensuring accessibility, adaptability, acceptability and adequacy through the establishment of co-responsibilities and participation.

Bidding against each other: local procurement of personal protective equipment in the context of decentralization and high socio-economic inequality / Compitiendo entre sí: adquisición local de equipos de protección personal en un contexto de descentralización y alta desigualdad socioeconómica / Concursos públicos: aquisição local de equipamentos de proteção individual no contexto de descentralização e elevada desigualdade socioeconômica

Abstract Under the influence of fiscal federalism and government decentralization theories, a significant part of health systems around the world confronted the COVID-19 pandemic after being shaped or re-shaped by processes of devolution from central to local governments. Procurement of key supplies is one of the components that operate in a decentralized manner, forcing local governments to compete against each other. This was the origin of what has been called the "bidding wars" between subnational governments at the beginning of the pandemic response. These wars led to centralization policies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union. Yet, less is known about cases from the Global South. By analyzing the procurement of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the 320 Chilean municipalities in charge of primary health, this research provides evidence of the impacts of horizontal government competition on the ability to procure key supplies. In Chile, during the 2020 response to the pandemic, richer municipalities were able to procure more face masks per population, while economies of scale rewarded bigger purchases with lower prices. The authors support the theoretical notion of "concurrency" as a concept that adds nuances to the centralization-decentralization debate. In Chile, for instance, while testing and tracking required decentralization, PPE purchases could have probably benefited from centralization in order to avoid reproducing territorial inequalities.

Resumen Bajo la influencia del federalismo fiscal y las teorías de la descentralización gubernamental, una parte importante de los sistemas de salud de todo el mundo enfrentaron la pandemia de COVID-19 después de haber sido moldeados o reformados por procesos de transferencia de poderes de los gobiernos centrales a los locales. La adquisición de suministros clave es uno de los componentes que opera de manera descentralizada, lo que obliga a los gobiernos locales a competir entre sí. Este fue el origen de lo que se ha llamado las "guerras de licitaciones" entre gobiernos subnacionales al comienzo de la respuesta a la pandemia. Estas guerras llevaron a políticas de centralización en Estados Unidos, Reino Unido y la Unión Europea. Sin embargo, se sabe menos sobre los casos del sur global. Al analizar la adquisición de Equipos de Protección Personal (EPP) en 320 municipios chilenos encargados de la atención primaria de salud, esta investigación proporciona evidencia de los impactos de la competencia gubernamental horizontal en la capacidad de adquirir suministros clave. En Chile, durante la respuesta a la pandemia de 2020, los municipios más ricos pudieron adquirir más mascarillas por habitante, generándose con ello economías de escala que les permitieron acceder a precios más bajos, a diferencia de aquellos municipios con menores recursos. Los autores apoyan la noción teórica de "concurrencia" como un concepto que añade matices al debate sobre centralización-descentralización. En Chile, por ejemplo, si bien el testeo y la trazabilidad de casos SARS-CoV-2 requerían la descentralización de dichas funciones, las compras de EPP probablemente podrían haberse beneficiado de la centralización de los procesos de adquisición para evitar la reproducción de desigualdades territoriales.

Resumo Sob a influência do federalismo fiscal e das teorias de descentralização governamental, uma parte significativa dos sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo enfrentou a pandemia da COVID-19 depois de terem sido moldados ou remodelados por processos de transferência dos governos centrais para os governos locais. A aquisição de suprimentos essenciais é um dos componentes que operam de forma descentralizada, forçando os governos locais a competir entre si. Esta foi a origem do que foi chamado de "guerras de licitações" entre governos subnacionais no início da resposta à pandemia. Essas guerras levaram a políticas de centralização nos Estados Unidos, no Reino Unido e na União Europeia. No entanto, sabe-se menos sobre os casos do Sul Global. Ao analisar a aquisição de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) nos 320 municípios chilenos responsáveis pela saúde primária, esta pesquisa fornece evidências dos impactos da competição governamental horizontal na capacidade de adquirir suprimentos essenciais. No Chile, durante a resposta à pandemia de 2020, os municípios mais ricos conseguiram adquirir mais máscaras faciais por população, enquanto as economias de escala recompensaram compras maiores com preços mais baixos. Os autores apoiam a noção teórica de simultaneidade como um conceito que acrescenta nuances ao debate centralização-descentralização. No Chile, por exemplo, embora os testes e o acompanhamento exigissem a descentralização, as compras de EPI poderiam provavelmente ter beneficiado da centralização, a fim de evitar a reprodução de desigualdades territoriais.

COVID-19 y personas mayores en Chile: lecciones de dos años de pandemia / The impact of COVID-19 on the health status of older people in Chile

The article presents the main impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the health status of older people, systematizing the information about the direct impact of the pandemic in terms of number of cases, hospitalizations, deaths, the policies implemented for the prevention and management of COVID-19 in older people and the indirect impact of the two years of pandemic. Adopting a broad definition of health, the need to monitor and recover health care of older people is highlighted. The recovery of their functionality and mental health must be emphasized. The policies towards institutionalized older people must be revised. These areas should be the focus of health care policies for older people in Chile.

Asociación entre nivel educacional y sospecha de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores chilenas: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 / Association between educational level and suspicion of cognitive imparirment in Chilean older people

BACKGROUND: A low education level has been associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. AIM: To determine the association between educational attainment and suspicion of cognitive imparirment in older Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 2,005 adults aged ≥ 60 years assessed during 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey were included. Education was self-reported and categorized as primary: ≤ 8 years; secondary: 9 to 12 years and beyond secondary: > 12 years. suspicion of cognitive imparirment was assessed with the Mini-Mental questionnaire. RESULTS: Men and women with low education attainment had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (33% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 24; 41] and 27% [95% CI: 21; 33], respectively). Men who reported less schooling (≤ 8 years) were more likely to be at risk of suspicion of cognitive imparirment (Odds ratio (OR): 4.53 [95% CI: 1.10, 18.62]) compared to their peers. Women showed a substantially higher magnitude of association than men. The probability of suspicion of cognitive imparirment increased 9-times (OR: 9.96 [95% CI: 1.24; 79.6]) for 9-12 years and 18-times for ≤ 8 years of education (OR: 18.8 [95% CI: 2.42; 146.1]) compared to women with higher education. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with low education attainment had an increased likelihood of developing suspicion of cognitive imparirment. However, the risk differs by sex, being higher in women than men.